Canada: A contemporary biligual country

Canada: A contemporary biligual country Canada is one of the few countries in the world that is bilingual and is trying to stay that way. The government and its people have tried to give both languages equal status, but hardships ensue. The countrys bilingualism has historical roots, but creates several problems in the society today. The first official government action to help support bilingualism was in 1867 with the British North America Act. This provided the use of English and French in the legislative and judicial branches of the government. It also made a provision for denominational schools, for the Protestant anglophones and Catholic francophones were harboring unrest between each other. The next step was the Manitoba Act in 1870, which made French the official language in Quebec and Manitoba, but left out the French-speaking populations of Ontario and New Brunswick. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries legislation restricted French language education in the country and virtually eliminated it in the provinces and outside of Quebec. This created major unrest between the anglophone and francophone communities and further bipolarized the issue. The unrest continued until 1963 when the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism was established, whose official duty was to settle the language dis putes. The main recommendations were to offer public services in both languages in places where the minority language communities were large. Also, the Commission advocated that French become a language of work in the federal administration and that government documents should be provided in both languages. In 1969 the Official Languages Act was passed that became the cornerstone of institutional bilingualism. It stated that in Parliament and public service both languages had to be equally used. This also included all federal departments. In 1982 the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was passed which included further constitutional rights for both official languages. It also provided for the provinces and territories to set up schools for official language minorities. The Official Languages Act was passed again in 1988 when it was revised to include encouragement and financial aid to provincial governments from Ottawa. The success of bilingualism in the country depended largely on the provinces and how willing they were to implement these rules. In 1969 New Brunswick enacted its own Official Languages Act and became the first truly bilingual province. Ontario has been expanding its use of French in the local government where the majority of Franco-Ontarians live. Manitoba is moving to translate its statutes into French for the benefit of its francophone population. Quebec has recognized French as its official language since 1974. It is bilingual at the constitutional and federal level, but gives greater status to French at the provincial level[1].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 20th and 21st centuries have brought many changes to the bilingual policies in Canada. Legislation was passed to ensure official-language minority communities the rights to set-up and run their own schools and education programs. Also, the government has provided funds for second language instruction in both official languages in all the provinces and territories, giving large minority groups the chance to learn their official mother-tongue in schools. Another education program to support bilingualism is the French immersion program. This is provided for anglophone students mostly. The majority of classes the students take are taught in French starting from kindergarten or the first grade (early immersion) or junior high school (late immersion).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bilingualism has been the nest of much unrest between the anglophone and francophone communities for a long time. These two groups of peoples have a long history of struggle for territories and human rights. The anglophone community had always been in the majority and tended to dominate over the francophone community. This caused the French-speaking people to rebel against all English government policies and political ideas. Unfortunately there wasnt a very strong resistance because they lacked strong leaders and the Catholic Church in that area was not strong enough to unite the people. In the 1860s the francophone community started to gain strength by gathering to form a strong political party, the Conservative Party. This helped them gain grounds for social and cultural gains. When the province of Quebec was created they gained even greater strength. There the francophone community took steps to ensure that the English-speaking community would not be able to cr eate a British Canadian national state. Quebec and the central government clashed on all major political issues in the 20th century. This led to the Quiet Revolution in the 1960s. A strong nationalist movement swept through Quebec and helped reshape the francophone communities place in Canadas government. It was then that the idea of secession first rose. Although the government took steps to settle with Quebec over this issue and to better integrate French into the whole countrys federal system, this remains a highly controversial topic[2].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today several issues have risen in connection with the governments bilingual policy. Although Canada has two official languages, English and French, there are still struggles to implement the equal use of them within the country. This is primarily because of unequal use of the languages among the population. According to the 2006 census, 67% of the population claims English as its mother-tongue while only 21% claims French as their mother-tongue. The remaining 12% claims a third language to be their mother-tongue, suggesting a large community of immigrants within the country (this includes the Aboriginal languages. Even so, this census has shown Chinese to be the third largest language in Canada, reported by 3% of the population claiming it as their mother-tongue.) Both anglophone and francophone populations have decreased over a 10 year period, 2% for the former and 1.4% for the latter. Within Quebec the francophone population still has a majority, 82%. The anglo phone community is at about 10.6% in the province with the remaining 7.4% being immigrants[3].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These statistics create hardships for the government to uphold bilingual policies. Although politicians would like to enforce the idea of a common bilingual community, the reality looks more like the creation of two separate linguistic communities one based in Quebec, the other in the rest of Canada. While the first vision considers Canada as one country, the second sees the center of the Canadian heartland in Quebec. This latter is the main political drive of the politics of Quebec. The politicians of Quebec would like to create a unique French community within the province to uphold the rights and culture of the French-speaking community. This belief has its extreme version, the Parti Quà ©bà ©cois, who believe that Quebec should seek political independence from Canada to be able to wholly focus on the French language and culture. This idea of secession today is in peril. One reason is that the young generation of Quebec does not feel the prejudice of the ang lophone population and has reached equal status within Quebec. This has quenched the sense of anger that fueled this idea up until now. The second reason is that Montreal had been the hotbed for the separatists, but it has become very multiethnic and bilingual. The separatist political parties, the Parti Quà ©bà ©cois and the Bloc Quà ©bà ©cois, were beaten in elections showing a decline in interest in the question of secession. In all cases, the debate of the secession of Quebec is not yet over and is still a much talked about issue today[4].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another major issue that concerns bilingualism in Canada is not the governments policies but the realization of them. Since the beginning of the 20th century there has been an increase in French Canadian participation in public services. In the 1970s all public service positions were redefined as English-speaking, French-speaking or bilingual. This helped French Canadians find employment in public services because most of them were already bilingual[5]. However there are still problems with the use of the French language in the government. Not all of the Supreme Court judges actually know French and this caused a problem recently in a case where the lawyer was francophone and made all his arguments in French. The judges were listening through interpreters, a practice that has since been banned. An extremely heated debate has recently emerged over the question of whether Supreme Court Justices should be bilingual and how much bilingualism adds to their competence[6 ].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Canada is considered an officially bilingual country historically, there are several issues that cause heated debates within the society. Hopefully one day both official languages will have an equal status in the lives of all Canadians. Works Cited Bilingualism (n.d.) In The Canadian Encyclopedia online. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCEParams=A1ARTA0000740 Francophone-Anglophone Relations (n.d.) In The Canadian Encyclopedia online. Retrieved from http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCEParams=A1ARTA0003025 The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, 2006 Census, Statistics Canada online http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census06/analysis/language/pdf/97-555-XIE2006001.pdf Quebec Separatism (n.d.) Globalsecurity.org; Military. Retrieved from http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/quebec.htm Makarenko, Jay (2007) Official Bilingualism in Canada: History and Debate. Retrieved fromv http://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/official-bilingualism-canada-history-and-debates Tibbetts, Janice (2010, May 2) Merits of making Supreme Court bilingual could be lost in translation. Camwest News Service. Retrieved from http://www.canada.com/life/Merits+making+Supreme+Court+bilingual+could+lost+translation/2977805/story.html

High School and Peter Essay

1.In his senior year of high school Peter Martin was sixteen. He was built like a rock, but no one noticed him in his school until the day of the first football game. When he scored three long-running touch downs. At the high school dance Peter was very excited to be going. He had never been to a high school dance before because he didn’t really have any friends. After the game Peter felt good about himself for leading his team to victory, and wasn’t so shy and starting to talk to people that he didn’t know. The high school dance was at a really big house close to the high school. When Peter gets to the high school party he doesn’t know what to really expect. The first thing that happened at the party was that a girl that he didn’t really know came up to him and wanted to dance with him. Peter says yes to the girl, so they go and dance for a very long time. After they were done dancing the girl gives Peter her phone number. Peter and the girl that he meets start dating each other. Peter is a very smart kid and has very good grades. The types of friends that he hangs around are athletic people. On the weekends Peter sleeps in to around 12:30pm to 1:00pm. The way Peter and his family act to one another is that they treat each other with respect. 2.One implied detail about Peter is that he is timid. â€Å"His shyness, his shrewd and dogged ways, his blue eyes gazing from underneath a shock of dark hair†. This quote shows that Peter doesn’t like being around people. The second implied detail about Peter is that he is not easy to hit down. â€Å" 3.(A) The people that are there from Peter’s family are his dad, his mom, Joe, Mickey, Ruth, and Elizabeth. (B) It is cold outside, so everyone has to keep warm. â€Å"All bundled up in warm clothing and flushed from the cold wind.† Peter’s family might not know a lot about football. â€Å"It was the first football game in the Martin’s mother’s experience. 4.(A) One point that the coach give to his team is to don’t give up in this game because it isn’t going to be easy. Another point that the coach states are that he is comparing the sizes between his players and the Lawton Boys. (B) I think that the player â€Å"love† the old man because he is a good coach, but also the get the whole point of the speeches that he gives to them. 5.(A) One of the first things that happen is that the ball is kicked to Peter and Peter loses it in the sky and it drop right in front of him, but somehow he returns it for 30 yards. The second thing that happens in the game is that Peter run wide and gained five yards. (B) One thing that happens in the stands is that Peter’s family is shouting to him saying positive things. The second thing is that Peter’s mother never sees anything that Peter does on the field. (C) At half time the score ended 0-0. 6.At half time the coach states that he wants them to do more passing plays. Another thing that the coach says it that he wants them to do a trick play. The final thing that the coach says at half time is that he wants them to try the forty- seven in their end zone.

A Study On The University s Program - 1013 Words

Introduction In the Northcentral University’s (NCU) concept paper template, in the introduction part, it contains of (a) the presentation, (b) the issues’ statement, (c) the motivation behind the study, (d) the research inquiries, and (e) the speculations (Concept Paper: Template (CPT), 2013). While the presentation and the issue explanation do no consider the examination outline, the once more, (a) the reason proclamation, (b) the research inquiries, and (d) the theories do (CPT, 2013). The key’s meaning terms portion is included the exceptional terms (or words), which it has no subsections. This part could suggest that the examination plan dependent upon whether there are terms (or definitions) with respect to the configuration that must be lit up. The brief survey of the literature will have the same number of points and subjects as it is critical to ground the study. The literature review doesn’t a direct reference to the examination plan, yet rather it may join the data on the fitting studies that bear on the present subject. The research technique portion addresses the examination plan accurately, and it involves (a) the presentation of the proposed research strategy, (b) the conspicuous of the operational meanings of the variables, (c) the system for the estimation, and (d) the synopsis (or the summary). The reference portion of the concept paper doesn’t direct the reference outline, yet it will consolidate the articles alluded in the best possible areas thatShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Innovative Business Models And Strategic Plans Must Support The Mission Of The Institution? Essay927 Words   |  4 Pagesand more institutions are operating programs and campuses in overseas locations. 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The Union Of A Man And A Woman - 972 Words

According to Oxford Dictionaries, marriage is â€Å"the legally or formally recognized union of a man and a woman as partners in a relationship† (Definition of Marriage in English). Many cultures across the globe have their own unique viewpoint on how the union of marriage should be arranged. In Moliere’s play Tartuffe, marriages are organized by the father of the bride, otherwise known as an arranged marriage. Orgon, to his daughter’s bewilderment, arranged a marriage between both her and Tartuffe. This surprise arrangement left Mariane, his daughter, in tears, Dorine in utter disgust, and the rest of the characters in significant disbelief. Tartuffe’s viewpoint on marriage and the effect it has on the characters really show what life is like in cultures around the world that share the same characteristics as the one in this play. Since ancient times, partners have been arranged for marriage by their families with little to no say so. 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